Classical Languages in India
Table of Contents
India’s linguistic diversity is one of the richest in the world — every region, culture, and community contributes a unique voice to its identity. To preserve and celebrate these ancient linguistic treasures, the Government of Indiagrants “Classical Language” status to languages with deep historical roots, literature, and cultural influence.
As of October 2025, there are 11 Classical Languages in India — with Marathi, Pali, Prakrit, Assamese, and Bengali newly added in 2024. Earlier, Tamil, Sanskrit, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, and Odia held this honour.
This update is significant for all UPSC, APPSC, SSC, and Banking aspirants, as questions like “How many classical languages in India?” or “List of Classical Languages in India” are frequently asked in exams.
What are Classical Languages in India?
A Classical Language is one that has:
- High antiquity of early texts (at least 1500–2000 years old)
- A rich body of ancient literature with cultural or intellectual significance
- Distinct grammar and vocabulary different from modern versions
- A heritage value that shaped Indian philosophy, art, and thought
Recognising a language as “Classical” preserves it for future generations and supports research, scholarships, and translation through dedicated government centres.
List of Classical Languages in India (as of 2025)
| S.No | Language | Year Declared Classical |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Tamil | 2004 |
| 2 | Sanskrit | 2005 |
| 3 | Kannada | 2008 |
| 4 | Telugu | 2008 |
| 5 | Malayalam | 2013 |
| 6 | Odia | 2014 |
| 7 | Marathi | 2024 |
| 8 | Pali | 2024 |
| 9 | Prakrit | 2024 |
| 10 | Assamese | 2024 |
| 11 | Bengali | 2024 |
Total Classical Languages in India (2025): 11
Why Classical Language Status Matters
Granting a language the Classical status ensures:
- Preservation of linguistic heritage and ancient manuscripts
- Promotion of cultural identity and regional pride
- Support for scholars and researchers studying ancient literature
- Funding for universities and research institutes under the Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL)
Highlights of Newly Added Classical Languages (2024)
1.Marathi
- Originates from ancient Maharastri Prakrit (over 2500 years old)
- Rich literary works like Gathasaptasati, Lilacharitra, and Jnanesvari
- Widely spoken by 110 million people
2.Pali
- Language of Buddhist scriptures and Lord Buddha’s teachings
- Texts include Tipitaka, Vinaya Pitaka, and Sutta Pitaka
- Studied in India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Southeast Asia
3.Prakrit
- Ancient Middle Indo-Aryan language, precursor to Hindi and Marathi
- Used by Buddha and Mahavira in sermons
- Forms the bridge between Sanskrit and modern Indian languages
4.Assamese
- Evolved from Magadhi Apabhramsa, an eastern Prakrit
- Literary origin traced to Charyapadas (8th–12th centuries)
- Modern Assamese retains words from ancient Buddhist texts
5.Bengali
- Derives from Magadhi Prakrit and Apabhramsa
- Golden era with poets like Rabindranath Tagore and Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
- Produced India’s National Anthem and National Song
Government Initiatives to Promote Classical Languages
- Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL), Mysuru
- Centres for Excellence in Classical Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam, and Odia
- Translation projects for ancient texts into Indian and world languages
- Digitisation of manuscripts and research scholarships for linguistic studies
Examples:
- Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University – Classical Malayalam
- Centre for Excellence in Classical Odia – Bhubaneswar
- CESCT – Classical Telugu studies at Nellore
- CESCK – Classical Kannada studies at Mysuru
Exam-Focused Summary
| Topic | Details |
|---|---|
| Total Classical Languages in India | 11 |
| Newly Added (2024) | Marathi, Pali, Prakrit, Assamese, Bengali |
| First Classical Language Declared | Tamil (2004) |
| Ministry | Ministry of Education (Language Bureau) |
| Institute Responsible | CIIL, Mysuru |
| Purpose | Preservation, Research, Promotion of Heritage |
India’s classical languages are not just mediums of communication — they are repositories of knowledge, philosophy, and civilization. From Tamil Sangam poetry to Buddhist Pali texts and Bengali renaissance literature, they continue to inspire generations. By expanding the list to 11 Classical Languages, India reaffirms its vision of “Virasat Bhi, Vikas Bhi” — preserving heritage while progressing toward a modern, confident Bharat.
FAQs on Classical Languages in India
How many Classical Languages are there in India?
As of 2025, there are 11 Classical Languages in India, including the newly added Marathi, Pali, Prakrit, Assamese, and Bengali.
What are the Classical Languages in India?
Tamil, Sanskrit, Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam, Odia, Marathi, Pali, Prakrit, Assamese, and Bengali.
Who declares Classical Languages in India?
The Government of India, through the Ministry of Education, in consultation with linguistic experts.
When was the Classical Language status introduced?
The scheme began in 2004, with Tamil being the first language to receive Classical status.
What is the importance of Classical Language status?
It ensures preservation of ancient literature, supports research, and promotes India’s cultural heritage.
What are the Centres promoting Classical Languages?
Centres under CIIL Mysuru, such as the Centre of Excellence for Classical Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, and Odia, promote study and preservation.
Source: PIB
